chasuble. The Huguenot Jean de la Fontaine described the events: "The Protestants were engaged in prayer outside the walls, in conformity with the king's edict, when the Duke of Guise approached. On 1 March, however, a faction of the Guise family's retainers attacked a Calvinist service in Wassy-sur-Blaise in Champagne, massacring the worshippers and most of the residents of the town. However, the agreed upon beginning of the wars is the Massacre of Wassy in 1562, and the Edict of Nantes at least ended this series of conflicts. The sight of his blood enraged his followers, and a general massacre of the inhabitants of Vassy ensued. Historians estimate that 2,000 Huguenots were killed in Paris and thousands more in the provinces; in all, perhaps 10,000 people were killed. During the sixteenth century England experienced iconoclasm on an unprecedented scale. After much posturing and negotiations, Henry III rescinded most of the concessions that had been made to the Protestants in the Edict of Beaulieu with the Treaty of Bergerac (September 1577), confirmed in the Edict of Poitiers passed six days later.[68]. [12] Furthermore, the reduction of salvation to a business scheme based on the 'good works for sale' system added to the injury. In November, William of Orange led an army into France to support his fellow Protestants, but, the army being poorly paid, he accepted the crown's offer of money and free passage to leave the country. He issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots substantial rights and freedoms though this did not end Catholic hostility towards them or towards him, personally. Although the Huguenots had begun to mobilise for war before Vassy,[49] Condé used the massacre of Vassy as evidence that the July Edict of 1561 had been broken, lending further weight to his campaign. However, in September 1589, Henry inflicted a severe defeat on the Duke at the Battle of Arques. By the end of 1594, certain League members still worked against Henry across the country, but all relied on Spain's support. Iconoclasm. Much of the conflict took place during the long regency of Queen Catherine de' Medici, widow of Henry II of France, for her minor sons. The image below is an example of a __________________. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the Byzantine Empire went through two periods of iconoclasm, for instance. [62] Over the next few weeks, the disorder spread to more than a dozen cities across France. In February 1563, at the Siege of Orléans, Francis, Duke of Guise, was shot and killed by the Huguenot Jean de Poltrot de Méré. Three months after Henry of Anjou's coronation as King of Poland, his brother Charles IX died (May 1574) and his mother declared herself regent until his return. [22] At the same time, Francis was working on a policy of alliance with the Ottoman Empire. Iconoclasm and civic disturbances The first instances of Protestant iconoclasm, the destruction of images and statues in Catholic churches, occurred in Rouen and La Rochelle in 1560. Meanwhile, the solidly Catholic people of Paris, under the influence of the Committee of Sixteen, were becoming dissatisfied with Henry III and his failure to defeat the Calvinists. That July, the French expelled the English. The result was a comprehensive dismantling and eradication of centuries-worth of medieval art and religious and cultural tradition. [15] Calvinism, another form of Protestant religion, was soon introduced by John Calvin, a native of Noyon, Picardy,[16] who fled France in 1535 after the Affair of the Placards. Then, what had happened at Paris was repeated at Rouen (November 1591 – March 1592). Which of the following best describes what was happening in Antwerp during the 16th century? The fantastic imagination of Bosch is sometimes associated with ___________ art. Under Henry VIII church images were mostly still permitted but the government of Edward VI in the mid-sixteenth century was more radical. Parma was subsequently wounded in the hand during the Siege of Caudebec whilst trapped by Henry's army. [47] In the Rhône River valley, Protestants under François de Beaumont, baron des Adrets, attacked Valence; in this attack Guise's lieutenant was killed. Coligny and his troops retreated to the south-west and regrouped with Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, and in spring of 1570, they pillaged Toulouse, cut a path through the south of France, and went up the Rhone valley up to La Charité-sur-Loire. Antwerp School: The Antwerp School is a term for the artists active in Antwerp, first during the 16th century when the city was the economic center of the Low Countries, and then during the 17th century when it became the artistic stronghold of the Flemish Baroque under Peter Paul Rubens. But their eventual return to Switzerland was followed by major developments in the Reformation that would later grow into Calvinism.

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