The partial liberalization that took place in our country after the death of Stalin made it possible for us to engage in public debate on this problem during the early sixties. Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and has ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. This is simply another version of the Munich policy. Here in this hall I should just like to mention the names of some of the internees I am acquainted with. For more than a century, these academic institutions have worked independently to select Nobel Laureates in each prize category. In the Soviet Union there is a great shortage of artificial limbs and similar aids for invalids. Freedom to travel, freedom to choose where one wishes to work and live, these are still violated in the case of millions of kolkhoz workers, and in the case of hundreds of thousands of Crimean Tartars, who thirty years ago were cruelly and brutally deported from the Crimea and who to this day have been denied the right to return to the land of their fathers. Institute of Physics. Much of our future depends on this. Our concepts of human dignity demand an immediate change in this system for all interned persons, no matter how guilty they may be. In struggling to protect human rights we must, I am convinced, first and foremost act as protectors of the innocent victims of regimes installed in various countries, without demanding the destruction or total condemnation of these regimes. His principled messages contributed to the non-violent, revolutionary changes of 1989, and continue to influence work in favour of justice and human rights today. Two powerful socialist states, in fact, have become hostile, totalitarian empires, in which a single party and the state exercise immoderate power in all spheres of life. Radical and balanced disarmament is in effect both necessary and possible, constituting an integral part of a manifold and complicated process for the solution of the menacing and urgent problems facing the world. religious literature, and for attempts to leave the country. In infinite space many civilizations are bound to exist, among them civilizations that are also wiser and more “successful” than ours. Moreover, this polarization further reinforces the very serious dangers threatening the world – the danger of nuclear annihilation, famine, pollution of the environment, exhaustion of resources, over-population, and dehumanization. Several outreach organisations and activities have been developed to inspire generations and disseminate knowledge about the Nobel Prize. To cite this section In order to provide concrete examples for my assertion, I should like to give you a few instances – chosen at random and without any attempt to provide a complete picture. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov The new phase in international relations which has been called détente, and which appears to have culminated with the Helsinki Conference, does in principle open up certain possibilities for a move in this direction. We must make good the demands of reason and create a life worthy of ourselves and of the goals we only dimly perceive. The example I mentioned involving the control of mass human behaviorism is already a highly topical one, even though this may appear far-fetched. The leaders of the Soviet Union reacted with fury, and refused Sakharov permission to travel to Oslo to receive the Prize. . as the father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, contributing perhaps In view of this, future prospects are menacing, and in the opinion of many specialists tragic, despite the undoubted success of the “green revolution”. Every single name, mentioned as well as unmentioned, represents a hard and heroic human destiny, years of suffering, years of struggling for human dignity. I should like to express all these theses in my lecture, and I should like in particular to dwell on a number of concrete problems affecting the violation of human rights. But this cooperation must be based on mutual trust between open societies, or – to put it another way – with an open mind, on the basis of genuine equality, and not on the basis of the democratic countries’ fear of their totalitarian neighbors. Progress is possible and innocuous only when it is subject to the control of reason. There is no time to mention all the prisoners of whose fate I am aware, and there are still larger numbers whom I do not know, or of whom I have insufficient knowledge. It is unbearable to consider that at this very moment that we are gathered together in this hall on this festive occasion, hundreds and thousands of prisoners of conscience are suffering from undernourishment, as the result of year-long hunger, and of an almost total lack of proteins and vitamins in their daily food, of a shortage of medicines (there is a ban on the sending of vitamins and medicines to internees), and of over-exertion. But despite motions of this kind, which are frequently tabled as the result of insufficient sense of responsibility among the leaders of some of the younger member nations of UNO, I believe nevertheless that the Organization may sooner or later be in a position to play a worthy role in the life of mankind, in accordance with the clause in which the Organization’s aims are set forth.

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