Freedom of the press flourished with the appearance of several new independent newspapers. A national party, the Nigerian Youth Movement, emerged in 1934, and its members won elections to the Legislative Council.

A constitutional referendum and national elections were held.

Although French efforts at pacification began before 1900, dissident ethnic groups, especially the desert Tuareg, were not subdued until 1922, when Niger became a French colony.

Most notably it was the French who made most of west Africa under them until last half of 20th century. The Nigerian Legislative Council was established in 1914 and was given limited jurisdiction; it was replaced in 1922 by a larger one that included elected members from Lagos and Beginning in the 1920s, a number of Nigerians joined other blacks in various parts of the world to embark on the wider project of Pan-Africanism, which sought to liberate black people from racism and European domination.

Early on in colonial rule, for example, Nigerians protested the manner in which water rates and head taxes were collected. Entry on the "Parti Progressiste Nigerien (PPN)"for details on this section, see: James Decalo (1979), and especially, Finn Fuglestad (1983) who describes the process of party formation and political horse-trading in the 1950s in great detailFor a detailed account in English of the inner workings of the military regime, see Samuel Decalo (1990), pp.241–285.

Volume 17, Number 1, June 2003, pp.

The While there have always been questions about French influence in the votingIn 1958 Diori became president of the provisional government, and then became On 11 July 1960 France agreed to Niger becoming fully independent.Diori gained worldwide respect for his role as a spokesman for African affairs and as a popular arbitrator in conflicts involving other African nations.

In the 19th century, contact with Europe began when the first European explorers—notably Mungo Park (British) and Heinrich Barth (German)-explored the area searching for the mouth of the Niger River.

Actually, Niger was amongst the last of African nations to be colonized by Europeans, but even after WWI the age of empire was alive and the French had vested interests in the natural resources that Niger held. In repeated violations of basic In April 1999, Baré was assassinated in a coup led by Maj.

Nigeria - Nigeria - Nigeria as a colony: After the British government assumed direct control of the Royal Niger Company’s territories, the northern areas were renamed the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, and the land in the Niger delta and along the lower reaches of the river was added to the Niger Coast Protectorate, which was renamed the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria.

Nigerians also requested more political representation.

This was the first presidential election with a democratically elected incumbent and a test to Niger's young democracy.In the 2004 legislative elections, the MNSD, the CDS), the Rally for Social Democracy (RSD), the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), the Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP), and the Social Party for Nigerien Democracy (PSDN) coalition, which backed Tandja, won 88 of the 113 seats in the National Assembly.On 26 May 2009, President Tandja dissolved parliament after the country's constitutional court ruled against plans to hold a The military kept their promise to return the country to democratic civilian rule.

In 1944 Macaulay and The British answered this activity by attempting to create a more representational colonial system.

In that year, the French made Niger a colony.

Some 3,700 people were elected to new local governments in 265 newly established communes.

The ruling MNSD party won more positions than any other political party; however, opposition parties made significant gains.In November and December 2004, Niger held presidential and legislative elections.

Before voting had finished, Baré dissolved the national electoral committee and appointed another, which announced him the winner with over 50% of the votes cast.

By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.

The Macpherson constitution,

After 1940, political activities were broadened to include more people. In the south the British occasionally created a political Although colonial rule appeared secure in the first two decades of the 20th century, the British struggled to keep control of their Nigerian colony and continued to do so until Nigeria became independent in 1960.

Anne C. Haour.

The British, when faced with dissent, tended to grant political reforms in an effort to dispel the attractiveness of more-radical suggestions.

All of the ethnic groups of Niger rebelled against European intrusion, and Niger was not finally conquered as a colony until 1922, when the French claimed it as their own. A presidential election was held on 31 January 2011, but as no clear winner emerged, run-off elections were held on 12 March 2011. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.After the British government assumed direct control of the Following Lugard’s success in the north, he set out the principles of the administrative system subsequently institutionalized as “Many changes accompanied British rule: Western education, the To prevent any united opposition to its authority, the British adopted a divide-and-rule policy, keeping Nigerian groups separate from one another as much as possible.

It had a governor but was administered from Paris through the governor-general in Dakar, Senegal.

Journal of World Prehistory. 181–234(54)Duncan E. Miller and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa' Journal of African History 35 (1994) 1–36; Minze Stuiver and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa' Current Anthropology 1968.Lewicki, T. (1994).

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