He left Morocco for good in October 1925.Abd el-Krim did not long survive Lyautey. The French and Spanish combined forces to crush the Rifi insurgency. The following April, brief peace negotiations at Oujda, in eastern Morocco, failed and Rifi resistance collapsed.


“We are the friends of France,” one of the leading notables declared, “and to the very end we shall share her fortunes be it good or bad.”In the aftermath of the war and the Paris Peace Conference, Lyautey resumed the conquest of Morocco—and faced stronger opposition than ever. They saw the Rifis as an Arab people (not as Berbers) who had led a heroic resistance to European rule and had inflicted numerous defeats on modern armies in defense of their land and faith. One of Lyautey’s first acts was to force the abdication of the reigning sultan, Moulay Abd al-Hafiz, whom he found unreliable, and his replacement with a more compliant ruler, Moulay Youssef (r. 1912–1927).Lyautey built his control over the countryside on three indigenous pillars: the “big qa’ids,” or tribal leaders; the tariqas, or mystical Islamic brotherhoods whose network of lodges spanned the country; and the indigenous Berber people. France had to negotiate a treaty with Spain setting out their respective “rights” in Morocco, a process concluded in November 1912 with the signing of the Treaty of Madrid.

shari Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). In August, Pétain took control of French military operations in Morocco.
Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites:Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North AfricaPick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. He capitalized on the prestige of his victory to institutionalize a bureaucratic government in the central Rif, staffed largely by members of his own family. “Holy war had been proclaimed by Abd el-Krim, the true Sultan of Morocco, to throw out the infidels, and particularly the French, in the name of the greater glory of regenerated Islam.” The occupation of all of Morocco by Abd el-Krim’s forces, they explained, “was no more than a question of days.” Abd el-Krim increasingly saw his movement as a religious war against non-Muslims who were occupying Muslim land, and he staked a claim to the sultanate of Morocco as a whole, and not just the smaller Rif Republic.As Lyautey had feared, the Rifis swept rapidly through his poorly defended northern agricultural lands. The Rifis had the double advantage of fighting to protect their homes and families from foreign invaders and doing so on their own treacherous mountain terrain. In addition, the port city of Tangier in the Strait of Gibraltar was placed under international control.

A law of September 1914 decreed that Morocco’s Berber tribes henceforth would be governed in accordance with their own laws and customs under French supervision as a sort of protectorate within a protectorate.This Lyautey system was no less imperial for preserving indigenous institutions. Under the terms of the treaty, Spain claimed a protectorate over the northern and southern extremities of Morocco. On 22 July, the main Spanish forward base at Anwal withdrew with heavy casualties. Through the Treaty of Fez signed in 1912, Spain was given control of two cities in the northern Rif Mountains, Ceuta and Melilla. The northern zone comprised some 20,000 square kilometers (8,000 square miles) of the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastline and hinterlands, and the southern zone covered 23,000 square kilometers (9,200 square miles) of desert that came to be known as Spanish Sahara or Western Sahara.

“At first I tried to win over the masses to my point of view by argument and demonstration,” Abd el-Krim wrote, “but I met with great opposition from the main families with powerful influence.” With one exception, he claimed, “the rest were all my enemies.”18 In their opposition to Abd el-Krim, the big qa’ids and the shaykhs of the brotherhoods had all upheld French rule in Morocco as Lyautey intended. The Moroccan sultan, Moulay Abd al-Hafiz (r. 1907–1912), signed the Treaty of Fez in March 1912, preserving his family’s rule in Morocco but conceding most of his country’s sovereignty to France under a colonial arrangement known as a protectorate.

The Rif War was an armed conflict fought from 1920 to 1927 between the colonial power Spain (later joined by France) and the Berber tribes of the Rif mountainous region of Morocco. The Rif War was an armed conflict fought from 1920 to 1927 between the colonial power Spain (later joined by France) and the Berber tribes of the Rif mountainous region of Morocco.

Though he aspired to total conquest, Lyautey focused on the economic heartland of Morocco, which he dubbed le Maroc utile, or “Useful Morocco,” comprising those regions with greatest agricultural, mining, and water resources.The conquest of Useful Morocco proceeded slowly against sustained resistance from the countryside. From his native Rif Mountains, overlooking the Mediterranean coastline, Abd el-Krim mounted a five-year rebellion between 1921–1926 that claimed the lives of tens of thousands of Spanish soldiers in what has been called the worst defeat of a colonial army in Africa in the twentieth century.Conflict between the people of the Rif (known as Rifis) and the Spanish broke out in the summer of 1921. The French war in the mountainous Moroccan region of the Rif lasted from spring 1925 until spring 1926. The attack on Amjutt in April 1925 succeeded, and Rifi forces moved on In September 1925 Spanish landings at Alhucemas and French advances from the south were coordinated. “I wanted to make the Rif an independent country like France and Spain, and to found a free state with full sovereignty,” he explained.


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